SURVEYING & MAPPING

Upgraded RTK Rover
Features MFi certification

The Reach RX Network real-time kinematics (RTK) rover has been upgraded to include new MFi (Made for iPhone/iPad) certification and is fully compatible with ArcGIS, QGIS and other GIS apps for both iOS and Android. Reach RX can be seamlessly integrated into GIS workflows to help industry professionals and teams collect accurate geodata at scale.

The Reach RX offers precise positioning while receiving corrections through NTRIP and tracks GPS/QZSS, Galileo, GLONASS and BeiDou. It gets a fix in less than 5 seconds, delivering centimeter-level accuracy even in challenging conditions.

It can be used for engineering, utility inspection, landscaping and other projects of any scale. According to the company, the rover will soon be compatible with QField, Blue Marble’s Global Mapper, Mergin Maps, Avenza Maps and more.

The Reach RX weighs 250 grams; is IP68-rated, waterproof and dustproof; and withstands temperatures from -20° C to +65° C.Emlid, emlid.com

Photogrammetric Software
Upgraded coordinate system functionalities

3Dsurvey 3.0 is an all-in-one photogrammetric software solution designed to unify lidar sensors, cameras on UAVs and various ground control points. Users can transition between orthophotos, point clouds and textured meshes.

Version 3.0 features upgraded coordinate system functionalities to obtain georeferenced spatial data without local transformations.

It includes improved coordinate system support, which handles transformations requiring special grid files and offers accurate GPS-to-local coordinate conversions. Additionally, the platform can automatically fetch missing geoid models.

The revamped coordinate system selection process includes presets for users to find the correct system by entering their country name, with the appropriate settings applied automatically. It has PRJ file support to enhance compatibility with various GIS standards. 3Dsurvey, 3dsurvey.si

RTK Evaluation Kit
Includes L1+L2 RTK GNSS

This real-time kinematics (RTK) evaluation kit (EVK) serves as a development platform for fixed or mobile high-precision positioning and navigation needs.

The RTK EVK comes with a range of options for prototyping, including L1+L2 RTK GNSS, with L-Band correction built-in if needed, running on an agile processor.

It features custom open-source software pre-loaded with RTK Everywhere firmware. Users can configure the EVK as an RTK base and push corrections to an NTRIP Caster or use corrections delivered through WiFi or Bluetooth.

The integrated u-blox NEO-D9S offers L-Band reception and access to correction services such as PointPerfect. The u-blox LARA-R6001D provides global cellular connectivity, and Zero-Touch RTK offers users a simple way to receive corrections. Users can register the device and enable PointPerfect — no NTRIP credentials are required. Sparkfun Electronics, sparkfun.com

GNSS Receiver
With tilt compensation

The R980 features communication capabilities to support uninterrupted field operations. It can be used for land surveying, transportation infrastructure, construction, energy, oil and gas, utilities and mining projects.

The system features Trimble’s ProPoint GNSS positioning engine and inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based tilt compensation, making it suitable for dense urban environments and under tree canopy, removing the need to level the pole when capturing data points.

It includes a dual-band UHF radio and an integrated worldwide LTE modem for receiving corrections from a local base station or VRS network. It supports the Trimble Internet Base Station Service (IBSS) for streaming RTK corrections using Trimble Access field software and features Trimble IonoGuard technology, which mitigates ionospheric disturbances for RTK GNSS. Trimble Geospatial, geospatial.trimble.com

Nautical Chart Production
Generate charts in PDF/TIF from ENC data

CARIS AutoChart, a nautical chart production solution, is tailored to the needs of nautical chart producers. It can automatically generate charts in PDF/TIF from ENC data. Users can seamlessly import data from ENC files to create comprehensive nautical charts in PDF and/or TIF format. CARIS AutoChart can generate chart templates from existing chart portfolios maintained with CARIS paper chart composer or CARIS HPD paper chart editor.

The software is designed to accommodate the unique needs of chart production facilities of all sizes. It can be used by hydrographic offices, port or waterways authorities.Teledyne Geospatial, teledyneimaging.com

Upgraded GIS Platform
Featuring native database integrations

Felt 3.0 includes new features and native database integrations to improve the capabilities of geographic information systems (GIS). It provides modern GIS tools for teams to visualize, analyze and present important insights and map data relevant to their operations.

Operators can directly connect Postgres/PostGIS and Snowflake databases for automated live data updates. The API allows users to create and style elements and listen to map updates via webhooks, while providing a Python SDK for professionals to continue to work in their preferred tools. Felt, felt.com

UAV

Gimbaled Camera
For UAV missions

The Gimbal 155 is a gimbaled camera designed for the UAV Survey Mission program. The GOS-155 meets UAV requirements for surveillance and rescue missions. Its optimized size, weight and power (SwaP) profile, advanced day and night ISR imaging, and embedded video processor make it ideal for any mid-sized UAV — whether VTOL or winged. With its low weight of 1.8 kg, and 155 mm, UAV platforms can increase endurance without sacrificing optical performance.

The GOS-155 two-axial gimbal is an EO/IR system, comprising a 30x optical zoom HD (1280 x 720) visible camera paired with a fixed focal length uncooled thermal LWIR (1280 x 1024) camera. This allows users to collect intricate visuals across visible and infrared spectrums.

It includes embedded video processing with electronic stabilization and object tracking and can be integrated with external GPS/INS with real-time target location at 20 m across multiple environments, and around 5 m using UAVOS’ Ground Control Station software. UAVOS, uavos.com

Tactical Grade INS
Tailored to unmanned systems

The FN 200C combines multiple functions into a single integrated platform. It features a three-in-one strapdown system compromising motion reference unit (MRU), attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) and inertial navigation system (INS) capabilities for precise positioning, velocity and orientation data in both static and dynamic movements.

It is equipped with fiber optic gyroscopes (FOG) and MEMS accelerometers. The FN 200C’s inertial measurement unit (IMU) offers accurate and reliable navigation data even in challenging conditions. The system supports various correction methods such as SBAS, DGPS, RTK, and PPP for real-time navigation and positioning in a wide range of applications.

The FN 200C utilizes NovAtel OEM7, u-blox ZED-F9P or Septentrio mosaic-H GNSS receivers to provide precise positioning information across multiple GNSS constellations. With embedded anti-jamming and spoofing features, the FN 200C offers reliable operation in environments where signal interference may be present.

The FN 200C is ideal for unmanned systems applications, including land-based surveying, aerial mapping, maritime navigation and more, delivering precise and reliable navigation data to meet the most demanding requirements. According to FIBERPRO, the system’s advanced technology, robust design and comprehensive feature set ensure that it will revolutionize navigation and operation in today’s dynamic and challenging environments. FIBERPRO, fiberpro.com

Upgraded UAV
With a modifiable flight controller

The RDSX Pelican extended-range hybrid vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) delivery UAV is now offered with an easily modifiable flight controller, designed for users to more readily integrate customized flight systems and companion software.

The RDSX Pelican combines the reliability and flight stability of a multirotor craft with the extended range of a fixed-wing airframe. Its customizable payload bay can be factory-integrated with the A2Z Drone Delivery RDS2 commercial delivery winch to support a variety of logistics operations.

Engineered to operate within the FAA’s 55-pound max takeoff weight for Part 107 compliance, the Pelican is rated to carry payloads up to 5 kg on operations up to 40 km roundtrip. The flexibility of the Pelican’s cargo bay makes it ideal for logistics missions or deployment with payloads customized for aerial mapping, UAV inspection, forestry services, search and rescue operations, water sample collection, offshore deliveries, mining and more.

With the RDSX Pelican now operating on the Cube flight controller (CUAV X7+), users can integrate their preferred systems — including ground control software, radio beacons and other companion software systems. A2Z Drone Delivery, a2zdronedelivery.com

GNSS Positioning Modules
Compatible with UAVs and robotics

The Linnet ZED-F9P is built around u-blox’s ZED-F9P RTK module. It offers multiband signal reception including GPS L1 and L2 for precise positioning, even in areas with low satellite coverage. In addition to USB-C connectivity, it features UART, SPI and I2C interfaces for easy integration into a variety of UAV and robotics platforms.

Linnet Mosaic X5 RTK-GNSS module is based on Septentrio’s mosaic-X5 module, with multifrequency signal tracking including GPS L5. The module features an onboard CPU that runs a full internal web-based user interface for configuration and monitoring, as well as integrated NTRIP corrections. Other capabilities include built-in anti-jamming and anti-spoofing protection and a spectrum analyzer. Systork, systork.io

MOBILE

“Patch-In-A-Patch” Antenna
Maintains dual-band L1/L5 performance

Inception is a new GNSS L1/L5 ultra-low-profile “patch-in-a-patch” antenna. The HP5354.A offers dual-band stacked patch performance in a single 35 mm x 35 mm x 4 mm form factor. This design integrates the second antenna within the first, eliminating the need for stacking parts and reducing the antenna height by 50%.

The HP5354.A antenna features a passive, dual-feed surface mount design (SMD) to decrease weight and conserve horizontal space. This makes it suitable for GNSS applications requiring high precision and limited space. The antenna improves positioning accuracy from 3 m to 1.5 m while maintaining dual-band L1/L5 performance.

With a passive peak gain of 2.61 dBi, the HP5354.A can be used for GPS L1/L5, BeiDou B1, Galileo E1, and GLONASS G1 operations. Its dual-feed design maintains circular polarization gain even when the antenna is de-tuned or requires in-situ tuning.

It is ideal for applications such as asset tracking, smart agriculture, industrial tracking, commercial UAVs and autonomous vehicles. The HP5354.A uses Taoglas’ custom electro-ceramics formula, ensuring high-quality performance and seamless integration into devices requiring high-precision GNSS.

The Taoglas HC125A hybrid coupler can combine the dual feeds for the L1 patch, offering high RHCP gain and optimal axial ratio for upper constellations including GPS L1, BeiDou B1, Galileo E1 and GLONASS G1. The Taoglas TFM.100B L1/L5 front-end module can be incorporated into the device PCB, aiming to save valuable real estate and up to two years of complex design work, according to the company. Taoglas, taoglas.com

Waterproof GNSS Antenna
Built-in LNA

The external antenna features an adhesive mount and sealed IP67-rated waterproof protection. It is an active GPS/GNSS antenna that includes a built-in low noise amplifier (LNA) for enhanced performance, making it ideal for applications where the receiver is close to the antenna and in environments where signal strength is strong, such as open areas with a clear line of sight.

This type of antenna can amplify weak signals received from satellites by improving signal quality and reducing noise. It requires an external power source to operate the built-in LNA and is less sensitive to signal loss due to longer cable lengths. It is connected to an SMA connector at the end of a 3 m pigtail. The antennas can be used in navigation, location-based services and fleet management applications. Amphenol RF, amphenolrf.com

DEFENSE

AI and Quantum-Powered Navigation System
When GPS signals are compromised

AQNav is designed for navigation across air, land and sea when GPS signals are jammed or unavailable.

AQNav is a geomagnetic navigation system that uses proprietary artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, powerful quantum sensors and the Earth’s crustal magnetic field. The system seeks to provide an un-jammable, all-weather, terrain-agnostic, real-time navigation solution in situations where GPS signals are unavailable, denied or spoofed.

The system uses extremely sensitive quantum magnetometers to acquire data from Earth’s crustal magnetic field, which exhibits geographically unique patterns. It uses AI algorithms to compare this data against known magnetic maps, allowing the system to quickly and accurately find its position.

It is available globally, does not rely on visual ground features or satellite transmissions to function and is not affected by weather conditions. AQNav can be integrated into a wide variety of platforms. Its passive technology emits no electronic signals, which reduces the aircraft’s detectability. SandboxAQ, sandboxaq.com

PNT Solution
Operates with or without GNSS signals

TRNAV is a terrestrial navigation solution designed to operate with or without GNSS signals.

It establishes a mesh network of ground stations capable of operating independently from GNSS by using precise pre-established locations or connecting to GNSS when available. TRNAV’s synchronized timing system ensures a minimal drift of 10 ns during a week without GNSS.

The system features a re-synchronization capability that allows the entire network to be updated instantly when just one station reconnects to a GNSS satellite, maintaining high precision across all platforms. Users can integrate mobile stations to enhance network flexibility and range, with the potential to cover distances up to 250 km.

TRNAV also offers a high-bandwidth communication channel for communication capabilities within the established network. The system employs AES-256 encryption and advanced waveform technologies, including DSSS/FHSS for robust and secure operations in challenging environments. TUALCOM, tualcom.com

Software-Defined Radio
Designed for mission-critical systems

Calamine is a four-channel wide tuning range software-defined radio (SDR) that can be integrated into mission-critical systems for the defense, GNSS, communications and test and measurement markets.

The SDR offers a tuning range from near DC to 40 GHz with four independent receiver radio chains, each offering 300 MSPS sampling bandwidth. It is tailored to government, defense and intelligence communities and civil users with direct applications for radar systems, signal intelligence, spectrum monitoring and satellite communications systems. Per Vices, pervices.com

C-UAS Solution
For electronic warfare

The Skyjacker is a multi-domain electronic warfare counter unmanned aerial system (C-UAS), suitable against swarms and high-speed threats. It is designed as a response to threats posed by UAVs in the battlespace and at sensitive installations.

Skyjacker alters the trajectory of a UAS by simulating the GNSS signals that guide it toward its target.

Skyjacker is particularly well suited to countering saturation attacks, such as swarming UAVs. The system also can defeat isolated drones piloted remotely by an operator and deliver effects at ranges from 1 km to 10 km (6 mi).

It can be integrated with an array of sensors, such as optronic sights, radars, radiofrequency detectors, lasers, communication jammers and other effectors. Skyjacker can be deployed as a mobile version or interconnected with existing surveillance and fire control systems on land vehicles or naval vessels. Safran Electronics & Defense, safran-group.com

<p>The post Launchpad: GNSS antennas and receivers, UAV upgrades, defense solutions and more first appeared on GPS World.</p>

Photo: Archer Aviation

Is it possible that we have already oversold the potential — or at least the timing — for when we expect operational electrical vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) air taxis? United, Delta, Southwest, and other airlines seem intent on being part of the coming air taxi game, but locking up future potential without anything delivered could be risky.

Now, this eVTOL stuff is not cheap, and it does not come quickly—it takes a massive amount of investment and effort to create a new mode of air transport, especially if it could be wholly or even partially autonomous. Most eVTOL outfits have decided to launch initially with a piloted option, leaving autonomy for later.

The initial stages of the development process involve reviewing the designs, followed by vetting and selecting subcontractors. A strategic plan is then established to develop a few operational prototypes. Alongside this, a firm strategy must be created to ensure compliance with agency regulations, resulting in the demonstration of proof of concept.

The process could be accelerated with a piloted airframe derived from a proven baseline, but eVTOLs are a new concept. Although partially derived from UAVs, eVTOLs differ significantly from existing aircraft. UAVs are not big enough to carry passengers and have not received approval to transport people. True, the automation angle has taken significant steps forward in recent years, but certifying that these systems will always operate correctly, without minimal chance of failure while flying over city centers and over many, many people – well, that’s another coat of many colors! Let’s just say these are BIG STEPS to initiate a new form of air transportation.

Nevertheless, despite the excitement and seemingly optimistic timelines for achieving FAA or other regulatory approval for fully operational eVTOL aircraft capable of safely transporting passengers, most major airlines have already committed to significant purchases and investments in this technology.

United Airlines conditionally committed to buy 200 Archer Aviation Midnight eVTOL aircraft for $1 billion in early 2021, added an option of $500 million for another 100, and recently took more partial ownership when Archer pursued a public listing through a merger with Special Acquisition Company (SPAC) Atlas Crest Investment Corp.

Archer has been moving its aspirations in several other directions while it works closely with the FAA to achieve certification of the Midnight eVTOL. Notably, the company has been granted a Part 135 Air Carrier and Operation certification by the FAA, which allows Archer to operate a for-profit airline with not only the Midnight eVTOL but also existing commercial aircraft, presumably including helicopters. Using other aircraft in the interim could allow Archer to prove out routes before having operational eVTOLs available and generate revenue. United and Archer have already selected at least one initial route in Chicago, from the city center to O’Hare airport.

Archer has also been busy signing up partners in Korea. Demonstrations are planned for Q4 2024 and in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and other locations across the UAE. The forecasting service will start in late 2025.

Back in the U.S., Southwest Airlines — another Archer investor — is also working with the company on the West Coast to develop routes around population centers in California. Archer has signed up with a local developer to establish Vertiports, locations with suitable ground access for passengers, landing/take-off and rapid charging facilities for eVTOL aircraft and existing helicopters. Southwest plans to install these stations at five locations: South San Francisco, Napa, San Jose, Oakland, and Livermore.

Another agreement with Signature Aviation is designed to provide Archer with access to general aviation terminals and electrical supply for eVTOL operations in New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco Bay Area, and Texas, including United Airline hubs at Newark International (EWR) and Chicago O’Hare (ORD) Airports, as soon as the end of 2025, almost the exact date that United expects to start eVTOL passenger ferry services to and from O’Hare.

Stellantis has also invested around $150 million in Archer, plus another $55 million in June 2024, as the two work on establishing a high-volume 350,000 sq ft eVTOL manufacturing facility in Georgia. A new agreement between the two companies brings additional investment, intended to take the facility to a yearly build output of 650 eVTOLs.

Photo: Joby Aviation

Unlike United, Delta Airlines and Joby Aviation aim for door-to-door service, intending to pick up passengers at their own homes and bring them directly to Delta at the airport. With fewer, larger propellers, Joby claims a top speed of 200 mph, compared to Midnight’s 150 mph. Apparently, both Midnight and the Joby eVTOL have a passenger capacity of one pilot plus four passengers.

Another significant June 2023 investment in Joby was reported to have come from SK Telecom (SKT) in Korea, which made an equity investment of $100 million in Joby. The Korean government is promoting aerial ride-sharing through a phased demonstration program, for which the partners signed up to participate in early 2022. Joby was also certified to be a Part 135 air carrier almost two years earlier than Archer.

Both Archer and Joby have already delivered eVTOL aircraft to the U.S. Air Force (USAF) for on-base evaluation. The USAF has been promoting eVTOL development for some time, not only for on-base logistics but also, apparently, evaluation for front-line resupply operations.

Eve eVTOL rolls out and is joining the flight test program. (Photo: Eve Air Mobility)

Eve Air Mobility has received significant investment from aircraft manufacturer Embraer in Brazil, and Toyota is supporting high-volume manufacturing. This year, contact was made with Air-X in Japan to buy ten aircraft with options for 40 more—just one customer of several who have placed Letters of Intent to buy over 3,000 Eve eVTOL aircraft. United Airlines is another one of those customers who also placed a conditional order for 200 Eve eVTOL and options for another 200 aircraft back in 2022.

This is a very short overview of just a few of over 200 potential eVTOL-piloted and autonomous UAV manufacturers that have turned into passenger-carrying air taxis. The partial investment story behind these companies and their air-mobility adventures indicates that even though it is going to be quite some time before these aircraft start to hop over cities to airports – making a potential two-hour journey in 10-15 minutes at the exact projected cost as existing ride-sharing, a lot is riding on a successful outcome. Maybe United’s duel track investment in both Archer and Joby will also ensure that one or the other will bear fruit. These few outfits we’ve reviewed have a long way to go, but their investing partners seem to have accepted the risk and have faith that their long-term roll of the dice will end up in their favor.

<p>The post UAV updates first appeared on GPS World.</p>

The top screen showing the hydrogen maser and cesium clocks in an adjacent isolated room used for realization of the timescale for research purposes. Students presenting their work to the USNO and Microchip Inc., visitors. (Photo: University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa)

The University of Alabama, with the support of the National Science Foundation (NSF), has established a program unlike any other in the country. It focuses on positioning, navigation, timing, and frequency (PNTF) as its own discipline, with a special emphasis on precise timing.

The Alabama Collaborative for Contemporary Education in Precision Timing (ACCEPT) is an NSF Research Traineeship (NRT) program designed to train the next generation of graduate (master’s and Ph.D.) degree holders in PNTF.

ACCEPT provides interdisciplinary training and education for physics, engineering, mathematics and computer science majors. The school hopes to make it a graduate program eventually. Enrollees are awarded a fellowship that includes a $34,000/yr stipend.

“The ACCEPT program was created because industry and government officials told us they could never find enough people in this field,” said Adam Hauser, the program’s executive director, who is also an associate professor of physics and astronomy at the university. According to Hauser “It is the only program in the nation directly addressing a larger scale workforce development in precision timing.”

Left to right: Dr. LeClair, Dr. Hauser and Dr. Bandi founded and run the ACCEPT PNT program at University of Alabama. (Photo: University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa)

ACCEPT’s Technical Director — also billed as “Time Lord” — is Thejesh Bandi, an associate professor. He reinforces Hauser’s message about the scarcity of focused talent in the area. “This field is greying,” he says. “We need young minds who will also bring in fresh ideas.”

Hauser describes the program as “a flexible multidisciplinary course curricula that includes professional development, and real-world training with our industry and government partners.”

The program’s “interdisciplinary” nature is reflected in the ACCEPT team. In addition to physics and astronomy, faculty from mathematics, electrical and computer, civil, aerospace, and mechanical engineering, as well as the communications and higher education departments, are included.

This diversity of expertise is needed for ACCEPT’s ‘holistic education” approach founded on four pillars.

1. Industry-Directed Curriculum: First, because the goal is to supply qualified graduates to fill critical national needs in industry, the foundational curriculum is based on and will continue to evolve with input from commercial entities in the PNTF space. In addition to several government agencies and labs, the ACCEPT Advisory Board includes representatives from SpectraDynamics, Aerospace Corporation, Raytheon Technologies, Microchip Technologies, L3Harris Technologies, OEWaves, Inc, Safran S.A., Northrop Grumman Corporation and the Resilient Navigation and Timing (RNT) Foundation.
2. Sustained Industry & Community Immersion: The program’s major focus is moving beyond academia. Internships and PNTF professional community events are mandatory. Students attend the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Time and Frequency Division’s time and frequency seminar each year. In their second year, they begin attending the Institute of Navigation’s annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) meeting. As their research and professional skills mature, they are expected to progress from attendees to poster presenters and speakers.
3. Professional Development: Reinforcing preparation for moving beyond the classroom, ACCEPT trains students to “… effectively work across academic, policy, governmental and industry sectors,” according to Hauser. “They need to be able to advocate as a professional to a larger audience effectively.” This means including students in programs like the university’s Speaking Studio and Capstone Center for Student Success. Communication skills, teamwork and ethics are particular focus areas.
4. Research: Bandi’s Research Quantime Lab is hosted by Professor Patrick LeClair’s Department of Physics and Astronomy. “Research projects for ACCEPT fellows and trainees are designed in conjunction with our government and industrial partners and focus on cutting-edge innovations that solve today’s problems in currently used technologies,” Le Clair said.

The lab strongly focuses on Quantum Engineering research, though there are also opportunities in Characterization and Calibration, Networking and Synchronization, and research into Precision Devices.

Click here for more information about applying for an ACCEPT fellowship or becoming an industry partner.

<p>The post ACCEPT: University of Alabama prepping next generation of PNTF experts first appeared on GPS World.</p>

Genesis satellite.

The combination of advanced technologies for precise orbit determination and timing, as well as the scientific exploitation of GNSS signals, opens major new opportunities for relevant, innovative in-orbit scientific experiments. These opportunities come in the fields of Earth sciences, including geodesy, geophysics and GNSS remote sensing of the atmosphere, land, ocean and ice, fundamental physics, astronomy and time metrology. They could extend some current operational applications such as precise orbit determination for geodesy and altimetry and GNSS radio occultation for meteorology and space weather.

To further enhance the benefits of combining space-based geodetic techniques, the European Space Agency (ESA) has established the Genesis mission. The mission will collocate on board a single well-calibrated satellite, the four space-based geodetic techniques: GNSS, very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), satellite laser ranging (SLR) and Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS). This first-time-ever collocation in space will establish precise and stable ties among these key techniques. The Genesis satellite will be a unique, dynamic space geodetic observatory, whose observations, combined with the measurements using geodetic collocation techniques stations on Earth, will contribute to a significant improvement of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF).

The ITRF is recognized as the foundation for all space- and ground-based observations in Earth science and navigation, and therefore this mission will potentially have a major impact on several GNSS and Earth observation applications. It is a particular realization of the terrestrial reference system, and its history goes back to 1984 when the former Bureau International de l’Heure, which was then in charge of maintaining an accessible reference frame, established a frame using space-based geodetic techniques. The tradition was continued by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) when it was established in 1987. The IERS has periodically updated the ITRF incorporating new systems, data sets and analysis procedures. The Genesis mission will help identify any systematic errors in the ITRF and thereby improve the accuracy and stability of the frame, particularly the origin and scale of the frame, which are the most critical parameters for scientific applications.

The Genesis mission was endorsed by the ESA Ministerial Council in November 2022. The mission will be executed under the responsibility of ESA’s Navigation Directorate as an element of the Future Navigation Program in cooperation with ESA’s Operations Directorate.

ESA performed an internal mission feasibility study (a so-called concurrent design facility) in March and April 2022. A team of more than 40 experts reviewed the mission objectives and the possible implementation, derived high-level mission requirements, assessed the necessary mission instruments and their technology readiness level and concluded that the mission is feasible and compatible with the Genesis-defined program boundaries.

GENESIS MISSION OBJECTIVES

The overall mission goal, as defined by the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) initiative of the International Association of Geodesy, is to help achieve an ITRF accuracy of 1 millimeter with long-term stability of 0.1 millimeters per year, to be able to detect the smallest variations in the Earth system solid, fluid and gaseous components.

Figure 1: Genesis mission concept.

The improvements of the ITRF will impact and improve multiple geodetic and geophysical observables, as well as precise navigation and positioning, and strengthen the geodetic infrastructure, including the Galileo constellation, by reducing the systematic biases between different observing techniques.

Furthermore, the Genesis mission will allow us to improve the link between the ITRF and the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) due to improvement in determining the Earth orientation parameters (EOPs). The ICRF is a realization of a quasi-inertial reference system defined by extragalactic radio sources, mostly quasars, billions of light years away. The positions of a set of globally distributed VLBI radio telescopes are determined using the difference in the arrival times of the signals at the different telescopes. The ICRF was established and is maintained through a cooperation between the International Astronomical Union and the IERS.

The ITRF and the ICRF are related through the EOPs, which include pole coordinates, the Earth’s rotation angle typically referred to as Universal Time (and the related length of day), and nutation angles and their rates.

GENESIS MISSION OVERVIEW

Figure 2 Genesis project organization.

The baseline orbit of the Genesis satellite will be circular, will have an altitude of about 6,000 kilometers and an inclination of about 95 degrees. The mass of the satellite will be on the order of 250 kilograms to 300 kilogramsg, and it will have very precise on-board metrology, through a single ultra-stable oscillator. An artist’s conception of the satellite in space is shown in the opening image. The launch is foreseen for 2028, and the baseline duration for operations is two years with an option for extension.

The Genesis mission architecture will consist of the Genesis satellite, a ground control segment constituted by a mission control center and a (network of) ground station(s), a data processing center (including a global GNSS sensor station network), a data archiving and distribution center, and the required ground infrastructure for the VLBI, SLR and DORIS campaigns (See FIGURE 1). The scope of the procurement for this mission is the Genesis satellite, the ground control segment, the launch service and two years of operations with the option for extension.

As previously mentioned, the satellite will be launched as the first with all four space-based geodetic techniques on board — namely GNSS, VLBI, SLR and DORIS:

• GNSS receiver. This will be a high-quality multi-constellation (Galileo and GPS) and multi-frequency space receiver. The GNSS observations will be of very high quality and will allow multi-GNSS integer ambiguity resolution for the carrier phase with a very high success rate. This instrument is crucial for the very precise orbit determination of the Genesis satellite.
• VLBI. This instrument will transmit radio signals compatible with receivers at each observing VLBI station. To eliminate the ionospheric dispersive delay along the paths to each station, different frequency bands will be used. The signals will also comply with the evolving observation procedures at all VLBI stations. The signals will be observed by all geodetic VLBI antennas, including the new VLBI Global Observing System (VGOS) fast slewing stations, in their standard geodetic receiver setups. The transmitter currently under development is designed to transmit at different frequencies between 2 GHz and 14 GHz, but also higher frequency bands can be considered. The present setup for regular VGOS observations use four 1-GHz-wide bands within the S, C and X frequency bands. The unit is designed to transmit both pseudo-noise and random noise. The random noise signal mimics the broader-band noise emitted by quasar radio sources routinely observed by VLBI, and hence can be processed essentially by the usual station and correlator software. VLBI observations of Genesis will enable VLBI stations to be accurately located within the ITRF consistently with the other geodetic techniques, enable a frame tie between the celestial frame and the dynamic reference frames of satellite orbits as well as a frame tie between the ITRF and the extremely accurate and stable ICRF.
• SLR. A passive SLR retro-reflector (LRR) will be attached to the satellite in such a way to ensure an adequate field of view when the satellite is in Earth-pointing mode. The SLR observable is the round-trip time of flight of a laser pulse between a ground station and the LLR. Currently, the ITRF long-term origin is defined by SLR, and this is the most accurate satellite technique in sensing the Earth’s center of mass.
• DORIS. Genesis will include a DORIS receiver instrument. DORIS is based on the principle of the Doppler effect between a network of transmitting terrestrial beacons and the on-board instrument. DORIS was first featured on the SPOT-2 satellite launched in 1990. Since then, DORIS receivers have been featured on multiple satellites. The integration of the DORIS receiver on Genesis, given the high-precision knowledge of the Genesis orbit, will benefit other space geodetic techniques from the global DORIS network distribution.

All active instruments will rely on a single high-precision compact frequency standard payload, termed the ultra-stable oscillator.

GENESIS PROJECT ORGANIZATION

The Genesis mission is being procured in an end-to-end approach, meaning that the industry prime is responsible for the development of the satellite, including the payload instruments, the launch services and the satellite operations. For this reason, the following approach has been applied: contract signature was in March 2024. Design, development, validation and acceptance will take place between 2024 and 2027, leading up to a planned launch in 2028.

The contract for Genesis amounts to € 76.6 million. A consortium of 14 entities led by OHB Italia S.p.A. has been tasked with developing, manufacturing, qualifying, calibrating, launching and operating the Genesis satellite, including all its payloads. The mission is supported by Italy, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Hungary and the United Kingdom.

Figure 3 Processing, archiving and distribution of Genesis data and products.

The overall project organization is outlined in FIGURE 2. The ESA Genesis project team, led by the project manager, will manage and coordinate the work of all interfaces among i) the industrial consortium, ii) ESA in its role of handling data processing, archiving and operating the distribution center, iii) the scientific community for whatever the necessary interface is required for the preparation of scientific exploitation and coherency between the project development and the scientific mission objectives.

For the data processing, exploitation, archiving and dissemination of data to the scientific community, the PROcessing, Archiving, exploitation and Dissemination Centre (PROAD) has been set up, (See FIGURE 3), using the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) Navigation Support Office facilities and the GNSS Science Support Centre (GSSC) of the European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC).

For the data processing required in advance of scientific exploitation of the data, the ESOC Navigation Support Office facilities will be used. The data processing includes the precise orbit determination for the GENESIS satellite.

Figure 4 Genesis science team.

Furthermore, after the processing performed by ESOC, ESAC’s GSSC will be used for data archiving and data distribution for scientific exploitation. The PROAD will be set up and coordinated internally in ESA.

The setup and coordination of the required ground infrastructure, VLBI and SLR campaigns, the DORIS network and so on, will be managed by ESA’s Genesis project team together with a Genesis science team (See FIGURE 4).

The science team will also support ESA’s Genesis project team as required in the reviews and follow-up activities, especially with respect to compliance with the mission objectives.

SUMMARY

The Genesis mission is a very challenging one, which has been made possible by the combined effort from the scientific community, ESA member states, industry and ESA itself. The success of Genesis will strongly depend on the interaction, cooperation and support of the international scientific community. The mission objectives of Genesis address core scientific as well as societal aspects. Above all, the Genesis mission is at the foundation level of all positioning and navigation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This article has drawn, in part, on the multi-author paper “GENESIS: co-location of geodetic techniques in space,” Earth, Planets and Space (2023), Vol. 75, No. 5, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-022-01752-w

<p>The post Innovation: ESA’s multi-modal space mission to improve geodetic applications first appeared on GPS World.</p>

The warning came in a four-page memo to the Deputy Secretaries of Defense and Transportation from retired Admiral Thad Allen, Chair of the advisory board. The memo was nominally a report of the board’s April 2024 meeting in Colorado Springs.

The overwhelming majority of Allen’s message, though, dealt with GPS and U.S. PNT being vulnerable, the importance of PNT to the nation’s safety and security and the failure of the government to do the things it said it should and would do. It says:

“America’s continued over-reliance on GPS for PNT makes critical infrastructure and applications vulnerable to a variety of well-documented accidental, natural and malicious threats.

…our conclusion is that PNT, in general, and GPS, in particular, have not been accorded their rightful prominence in the national policy agenda.

Simply put, the Board believes that the 20-year-old framework for GPS governance and the current policy statements establish neither the priority that the system deserves nor sufficiently clear accountability for its performance.”

The reason for this was assessed to be that the leadership and governance structure established by 2004’s NSPD-39 and confirmed in 2021’s SPD-7 was not working.

Allen gave a recent policy document on critical infrastructure as an example. All critical infrastructure sectors use PNT, and most depend on it.

“These findings were reinforced just earlier this year by the release of the National Security Memorandum on Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience (NSM-22, April 30, 2024). We were surprised to discover that GPS is nowhere mentioned in that important document.”

While not mentioned in the memo, PNT was also not mentioned in national cybersecurity documents issued last year. This is despite timing being essential to the operation of IT systems, and time and location data being key elements in many applications.

Allen’s memo also emphasized that the real issue is not about GPS, but overall national PNT capability. He went so far as to say, “Space Policy Directive 7 (SPD-7), U.S. Space-based PNT Policy, must be revisited and the term ‘space-based’ should be removed from its title” (emphasis added).

Reinforcing this message, the following table comparing U.S. and Chinese national PNT systems was included in the memo.

“The Board believes it is time to take a fresh look at our approach to PNT governance and establish a clear strategy for re-establishing an unquestioned position of leadership for the United States. To be successful, such a strategy requires a governance structure characterized by clearer authority and accountability. Ideally, the administration should propose legislation to Congress that would support this goal with a clear mandate (authorization) and resources (appropriations) adequate to the task.”

As part of his report of the April meeting, Allen’s memo reaffirmed the board’s nine recommendations from January of last year and added three more:

• Direct the U.S. Space Force to establish a way for “good enough” monitoring of GPS L5 signals using existing capabilities and set L5 signals healthy subject to a “use at your own risk” caveat, just as is done with L2C today. We recommend establishing a deadline of September 2024.
• Direct federal Chief Information Officers to acquire and install multifrequency dual-system (GPS-Galileo) receivers to complement GPS use. The Department of Transportation and the Department of Homeland Security should actively encourage critical infrastructure users to adopt multifrequency dual-system (GPS-Galileo) receivers.
• Assign a lead agency and single individual with clear responsibility and authority for the end-to-end prompt detection, characterization, and removal of significant sources of interference to GNSS in the United States.

Allen’s memo comes on the heels of a similar warning to United States leaders about the nation’s vulnerability to GPS disruptions. On July 18, the

National Security Space Association published a report titled “America’s Asymmetric Vulnerability to Navigation Warfare: Leadership and Strategic Direction Needed to Mitigate Significant Threats,” which cited several national PNT shortfalls from the Federal Radionavigation Plan as significant concerns.

Two of that paper’s key findings are:

“Long-standing lack of progress on issues important to U.S. national, homeland, and economic security,” and

“Focused leadership, properly empowered and resourced, is essential to the national PNT strategy’s success.”

It warned that significant disruption to GPS “…could have cascading effects which unravel America’s socioeconomic fabric…”

<p>The post Experts to PNT leaders: “It’s not working!” first appeared on GPS World.</p>

Personnel from the Australian Joint Precision Navigation and Timing Directorate, Joint Capabilities Group and Joint Navigation Warfare Center align GPS test equipment in the JNWC anechoic chamber at Kirtland Air Force Base, N.M., in preparation for a GPS resilience test April 15, 2024. This combined effort not only enhances GPS navigation resilience but also exemplifies the power of international cooperation in addressing security threats. As the world faces evolving challenges, partnerships like these remain essential for maintaining an edge in contested environments. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Spencer Kanar)

The Australian Department of Defense has collaborated with the Joint Navigation Warfare Center (JNWC) to enhance the resilience of GPS devices in contested environments. The JNWC’s mission is to ensure positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) superiority for the Department of Defense and its partners. This joint effort aimed to test the performance of GPS devices under simulated jamming conditions.

Personnel from the Australian Joint Positioning, Navigation and Timing Directorate worked with JNWC experts to evaluate the Defense Advanced GPS Receiver (DAGR), a crucial device used by U.S. and allied forces for navigation across land, sea, and air. The testing took place in an anechoic chamber designed to replicate contested and limited GPS conditions, providing insights to improve the device’s resilience.

The JNWC, recognized for its expertise in navigation warfare, created optimal conditions for this assessment. The specialized chamber allowed them to test the DAGR’s performance in a jamming environment, generating data that can inform the device’s warfighting effectiveness. The team explored solutions such as antennas that enhance jamming resilience, and the findings will be shared with coalition partners to strengthen collective space resilience.

The collaboration serves as a model for international cooperation in addressing security threats, enhancing GPS navigation and timing resilience for allied forces.

<p>The post US and Australia partner to improve GPS resilience in contested environments first appeared on GPS World.</p>

The Spirent PNT X. (Photo: Spirent Federal Systems)

Developers and manufacturers of GNSS receivers have always needed to simulate the signals from GNSS satellites to test receivers in their labs and in the field. Now, as the vital role of GNSS for critical infrastructure and the growing threat of radiofrequency attacks are increasingly recognized, simulators must keep up. In particular, they must enable users to test a variety of new positioning, navigation and timing (PNT)  signals from satellites in low-Earth orbit (LEO) and geostationary orbit (GEO), as well as realistically simulate sophisticated jamming and spoofing attacks.

In this cover story on simulators, we discuss these challenges with experts at four simulator manufacturers:

• John Clark, Vice President, Engineering, CAST Navigation
• Lisa Perdue, Product Line Director, Safran Federal Systems
• Jan Ackermann, Director Product Line Management, Spirent Communications, and Paul Crampton, Senior Solutions Architect, Spirent Federal Systems
• Avag Tsaturyan, Systems Engineer, M3 Systems.

How are the missions/applications of simulators changing?

Clark: Our customers have been requesting larger simulation systems that can support GNSS and inertial navigation systems (INS) on multiple vehicles simultaneously. Each vehicle is required to support a phased-array (CRPA) antenna sub-system, multiple INS interfaces and signal interference capabilities. This is a change from earlier times when our customers required smaller systems with less capability.

Perdue: We see a growing focus on testing NAVWAR scenarios and assessing receiver performance against diverse threats. The increasing complexity of receivers with multiple constellations and frequencies demands more advanced simulation capabilities. We provide comprehensive PNT simulators that support hybrid scenarios, in which simulated signals and threats are combined with live signals and sensors, creating a dynamic and realistic testing environment.

Crampton: For many years, simulators have been used to prove the capability of receivers and the systems into which the receivers are integrated. Testing ensures that receivers can perform as expected, including performance in boundary cases, which are tricky to recreate in live-sky conditions.

Over time, threats to navigation and timing performance began to dominate the schedules of test labs. Ensuring reliable performance in suboptimal operating environments is critical to receiver users. The workload of test labs has increased to the point where test automation has become necessary, not only in terms of increased efficiency but also just to keep pace with rapidly evolving threat profiles.

So, one of the main changes we are seeing is the need to speed up the innovation cycle with simplified, automated testing while maintaining test fidelity and robustness. Spirent simulators are enabling testing to “shift left,” to start testing earlier in the development cycle with digital twins — software-only models of receivers and devices — to shorten the time spent on R&D.

Ackermann: Increasing efficiency, flexibility and realism have been critical drivers in the simulator industry for many years and will continue to drive us forward at an ever-increasing pace. Precision and robustness requirements demand more signals and sensor fusion, which need to be supported by simulators. Greater realism and flexibility means that more representative testing can be done in the lab, saving time and money.

On the other hand, while lab testing has grown ever more realistic, there are times where in-field verification is required — simulators have had to become more flexible to address this “augmented reality” test environment and optimize field testing. Simulators are being used on ranges to enhance testing, using combinations of real and simulated signals — including resiliency tests that incorporate live-sky signals.

Are new markets for simulators emerging?

Clark: Yes, as the world evolves and circumstances change, the ability to validate proper operations of GNSS and GNSS/INS navigation systems under less-than-optimal conditions has become challenging. The use of simulators can greatly enhance your understanding of the behavior of a navigation system, thus allowing for more reliable navigation error planning and mitigation when these errors do occur. This has become a much more important area of concern as the automated navigation and integrated navigation markets mature.

Perdue: Yes, new markets are emerging in areas such as autonomous vehicles, UAV swarms, urban air mobility and space exploration, including lunar missions. Additionally, the growing focus on cybersecurity and electronic warfare has increased the demand for simulators that can replicate complex cyberattack scenarios and electronic threats.

Ackermann: New markets for simulators are constantly emerging. As PNT impacts more and more areas of our lives, the geographic and technological spread of simulator requirements continues to expand. Even in existing segments we see new market needs. In automotive, for instance, the emergence of a wide range of safety-critical functions such as intelligent speed assist (ISA) and eCall drive new simulation needs.

From the emergence of the LEO market to the development of LEO PNT constellations, these markets appear and evolve at a rapid pace. Spirent simulators can be used to generate novel and established signals from LEO PNT constellations with ultra-realistic orbital models for complex rotational effects and satellite parameters. The emerging focus on lunar missions from space agencies around the world means new test environments, more stringent requirements, and the potential for new signals outside of L-band, at S-band and beyond.

Crampton: Increasing the realism of testing continues to open new opportunities for simulator use. Spirent provides an all-in-one alternative PNT solution for ultra-realistic LEO modeling, inertial emulation, L and S-band signals, etc. — to be fused and tested in unison.

Senior Software Engineer Neil O’Brien utilizing a CAST-8000 GNSS Simulator to analyze CRPA trajectory data. (Photo: CAST Navigation)

Are simulator requirements changing?

Clark: In the past our customers were focused on the simulation of a single element of GNSS signals and a single INS output interface for the testing of vehicles that only supported single element antenna (FRPA) and a single INS capability. Our customers are now requiring simulator systems that produce multiple elements of phase-coherent GNSS signals that are commensurate with multiple INS interface outputs to drive navigation systems that can utilize a phased-array multiple-element antenna sub-system (CRPA) and multiple INS sources simultaneously.

Perdue: Yes, simulator requirements are always evolving. High signal counts are essential due to the increase in LEO constellations, and there’s a need to replicate multiple threats to create realistic environments. Built-in automation is crucial for managing these complex scenarios. The ability to add custom signals and constellations is necessary for experimenting with new technologies. Our software-defined architecture allows for quick integration of new signals, ensuring flexibility and responsiveness to changing needs. Innovations such as a radio utilizing the RFSoC to provide a high number of multi-frequency outputs from a single system and the BroadSim Duo, which offers dual-frequency capabilities in a compact form factor, demonstrate our approach to meeting these evolving requirements.

Ackermann: As new markets and use cases emerge, the simulator requirements evolve. The growing prevalence of NAVWAR threats, such as GNSS jamming and spoofing, and the range of systems these attacks are impacting is enhancing the criticality of lab testing.

Whether seeking to gain battlefield advantage or to secure civil operations (aviation, for instance), the ability to generate a wide range of NAVWAR attack vectors in complex scenarios is needed like never before. New waveforms must be incorporated quickly and realistically, while defensive technologies such as CRPAs must be exercised with a higher level of precision.

Crampton: Due to the demand for flexible attack vectors and the expanding range of available signals, simulators need to be capable of generating authentic RF environments from novel, user-defined waveforms. A time-saving method has been developed using prerecorded I/Q files. Spirent’s sixth-generation solution, PNT X, accepts raw I/Q data, analyzes the environment and the dynamic movement between receiver and transmitters, and automatically applies the correct motion effects to the generated RF signal. The simulated signal now has real-world dynamics without the need for manual inputs from the user. Realism made simple! Additionally, multiple I/Q-defined transmitters can be seamlessly integrated with native 3D terrain-modeling capabilities to create rich RF environments with multipath and obscuration.

A continuous, dynamic range is required to better replicate high-power jamming threats for controlled reception pattern antenna (CRPA) testing. With PNT X, high-power jammers can be simulated from the moment they become part of the noise floor to when a vehicle, such as an aircraft using a CRPA, passes by it. This continuous range enables CRPA developers to characterize null-steering ability with greater precision than previously possible.

Ackermann: As previously mentioned, there is also a growing need for integration and automation. Systems need to work in concert, and testing needs to happen quickly and efficiently to stay ahead of markets and threats. To this end, the ability to automate and to control remotely, and the ability to integrate seamlessly with other simulation and control systems, are core requirements for modern labs. Spirent is simplifying and automating testing with support for multiple industry-standard frameworks.

In established markets, safety requirements on devices under test drive simulator needs. For instance, functional safety requirements for automotive applications demand the ability to simulate threats and events, while the fidelity requirement of the simulation is elevated to assure conformance.

3D view of an aircraft flying a simulation. (Photo: CAST Navigation)

What mix of signals do you support?

Clark: GPS L1/L2/L5, L1C, L2C, C/A, SBAS, P, Y, SAASM, M-Code AES and MNSA, Glonass and BeiDou

Perdue: We support a wide array of signals, including GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, and regional systems such as QZSS and IRNSS. Additionally, we incorporate alternative navigation signals, such as those from Xona, and support inertial navigation and timing signals. Our software-defined architecture enables us to handle high signal counts and allows for extensive customization, ensuring we can simulate any required signal environment. This flexibility ensures we meet the diverse needs of various industries and applications, from aviation and maritime to autonomous vehicles and defense.

Ackermann: Spirent supports all open service GNSS signals and classified GPS testing — including M-Code Regional Military Protection — as well as PRS (through prs[ware] and our partnership with Fraunhofer IIS) on our simulation platforms.

In addition:

• Regional systems (e.g., NavIC or QZSS)
• S-band frequency signals
• Custom non-ICD signals
• LEO PNT (Xona Space System’s PULSAR and others)
• A broad range of interference waveforms, including CW, FM, PM, wideband AWGN, chirp, matched spectrum, etc.
• Generation of RF from I/Q data injection in L-band and S-band frequencies
• Correction/augmentation
• Inertial sensor emulation

Furthermore, the ability to geolocate custom RF beacons either in a range of orbits or in terrestrial locations adds huge signal flexibility.

What are the key challenges you face?

Clark: As our customers’ needs grow and evolve, some of our key challenges have been the ability to continue to evolve our product utilizing cutting-edge technology while still maintaining backwards compatibility with our older technologies. Efforts like this give our customers peace of mind when making a system purchase and enable them to take full advantage of prior purchases when requirements change and system enhancements are necessary.

Perdue: A key challenge is creating complex simulation environments that require specialized expertise. Customers often lack the knowledge to design these environments effectively. Ensuring simulation accuracy and cybersecurity are significant concerns, especially as new threats emerge alongside new technologies developed to combat existing threats. Translating performance requirements into practical specifications and meeting stringent industry standards adds another layer of complexity. We address these challenges through continuous updates and close collaboration with our customers to ensure our solutions meet their evolving needs.

Ackermann: For 40 years, we have faced a challenge that, to some degree, is being addressed. Namely, PNT is not widely standardized and therefore test requirements are highly diverse. The scale of Spirent and the empowering flexibility of our systems enables us to overcome this, but it remains challenging.

The current geopolitical situation also presents challenges, as the number of threats and the potential for negative events demand ever-increasing sophistication in testing. That’s why we built PNT X with high-power jamming and spoofing capability for greater realism and accurate test results.

Crampton: The complexity of next-gen positioning engines means that our systems have to integrate and interact with other systems, built by other companies with other protocols and specifications. Spirent maintains the precision and stability our customers expect from us while incorporating an open and controllable architecture for easier plug-and-play in complex hardware-in-the-loop environments.

M3 SYSTEMS

Please introduce your company.

Tsaturyan: We represent the Mistral Group, which includes three distinct companies: M3 Systems France, M3 Systems Belgium and Boreal. M3 Systems France teams provide GNSS simulation and test and measurements solutions and radionavigation and signal processing expertise. M3 Systems Belgium teams are experts in air traffic management (ATM) studies. Boreal teams offer beyond-line-of-sight missions for maritime surveillance, Earth observation, and scientific experiments with the BOREAL long-range unmanned aircraft. Each company extends its scope to the challenges of GNSS and UTM with an integrated approach.

What are your key markets? What challenges are you addressing?

Our customers are from different industries: we work with space agencies — such as France’s Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES) and the European Space Agency (ESA) — private R&D labs and automotive companies and railways. We propose GNSS simulation products such as the Stella GNSS simulator, which allows users to simulate a vehicle in a realistic environment and in real time for low latency. Our simulator is designed to reproduce the sky with high precision. The GNSS signal passes through different layers, each one of which has a different effect. First, there can be an error in the satellite clock, then there can be a delay as the signal passes through the atmosphere, then, on the ground, there is a risk of a spoofing or jamming attack and, in urban areas, multipath from buildings.

What signals does your simulator support?

Our GNSS simulator is multiconstellation and multi-frequency. It supports all the available GNSS signals and frequencies. Users can simulate multiple antennas and multiple trajectories, custom atmosphere and multipath effects. We offer several built-in models of multipath. Users also can use their own multipath models and even integrate it with an SE-NAV multipath simulation tool. We also have several built-in jamming signals that users can apply and spoof the real signal coming from the antenna or spoof the simulated signal. Our setup now also supports Galileo’s Open Service Navigation Message Authentication (OSNMA). Our Stella GNSS simulation software can run on three different products designed for specific needs: the Stella GNSS Simulator Base (based on NI’s USRP kit), the Stella GNSS Simulator Suite (based on our bundle), and the Stella GNSS Simulator Advanced (based on NI’s VST). Our VST-based solution is optimized for tests that require high performance in terms of calibration — such as simulating a CRPA antenna, where the channels need to be very tightly synchronized.

Photo: M3 Systems

What does your Stella Suite do?

The Stella GNSS Simulator offers up to two independent RF simulations, enabling simultaneous simulation and the jamming/spoofing or the simulation of multiple antennas and trajectories.

Our simulator suite is basically an all-in-one device that allows users to plug in a receiver. This single device enables  users to simulate jamming, spoofing, multiple antennas or multiple trajectories.

When did you launch this product?

We released it and demonstrated it during Emerson NI’s “NI Connect” event. They have an annual event in May in Austin, to which they invite all their partners and customers. This year, we were invited there to present our new simulator. We brought a HIL test setup to demonstrate the new configuration of our GNSS simulator: a closed-loop test of a drone autopilot system. When kinematic parameters from the flight simulator are simulated, the trajectory is sent to the Stella GNSS simulator, which then generates the GNSS RF signal and interference to assess the receiver’s performance. The receiver then passes its positioning data to the autopilot, which sends the commands to the flight control unit in the flight simulator. It’s one of the use cases, because to fully test the receiver, in addition to the nominal situation, it is also necessary to introduce some errors — such as interference, jamming, spoofing or meaconing.

What are some other use cases for this simulator?

Another use case is the test of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) in a 3D simulation environment. Basically, it is designed to test any unit that includes the GNSS positioning and to test the receiver’s robustness in case of jamming, spoofing, or meaconing.

Is this all done in the lab or can you put your box in a vehicle?

With this setup, it’s all done in the lab, but we also offer solutions to record the real signals from a UAV or a ground vehicle.

Are the challenges changing? Is the market changing?

Now, a GNSS simulator is no longer sufficient. Testing the receiver’s robustness against various types of attacks, particularly jamming, requires diverse methods. Consequently, there is an emerging need for simulating jamming mitigation antennas, such as Controlled Reception Pattern Antennas (CRPA).

<p>The post Simulating new GNSS signals and threats first appeared on GPS World.</p>

This newsletter is going to highlight activities associated with the Transportation Research Board’s ADK70 Standing Committee on Geospatial Data Acquisition Technologies. This committee is concerned with applications of high-accuracy geospatial data acquisition technologies in support of the digital infrastructure for the design and construction of transportation facilities. Members have various backgrounds and expertise and are located in different regions of the United States.

The committee holds two meetings a year, one at the January TRB Annual Meeting held in Washington, D.C., and a summer meeting in different locations each year in late July.

This year, the meeting of the Geospatial Acquisition Technologies in Design and Construction Summer Committee was held on July 29-31, 2024, in Washington, D.C. Topics included new technologies on data collection, modeling and plan delivery. There were updates from organizations such as the National Geodetic Survey, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and various state departments of transportation on technology, standards, specifications and industry needs. See the agenda below.

I first got involved with this committee in 1999, when I worked for NGS. One may ask, why would a geodesist be interested in a committee that focuses on the design and construction of transportation facilities? In my opinion, this is an important committee that addresses geospatial issues that affect all users of geospatial data, not just state Department of Transportation (DOT) surveyors and engineers.

As anyone who has been reading my GPS World Survey Scene newsletters knows, I remind everyone that “geodesy is the foundation for all geospatial products and services.” As previously stated, this committee is concerned with applications of high-accuracy geospatial data acquisition; therefore, surveyors and geodesists must be involved to address issues associated with positioning. Anyone using or acquiring geospatial data should be interested in this committee’s activities.

During AKD70 summer workshop meetings, participants talk with technical experts about the latest advancements in geospatial data acquisition technologies. I would encourage anyone interested in high-accuracy geospatial data acquisition technologies to learn more about this TRB committee, which is currently chaired by Wei Johnson, South Carolina DOT.

Digital delivery geometric consistency concerns

One session at the meeting discussed concerns with digital delivery geometric consistency. We now live in a world where everything is digital. Today, most surveying and mapping instruments collect and generate data in digital format. This paradigm has affected how surveyors, geodesists, and engineers provide their products and services. So, what is the issue with digital delivery geometric consistency?

As I previously stated, I am a geodesist, so I think in geodetic coordinates (latitude, longitude, ellipsoid and orthometric height) or cartesian coordinates (X, Y and Z).

Three-Dimensional Positioning (XYZ). (Photo: NGS)

Orthometric, Ellipsoid and Geoid Heights from NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NGS 59. (Photo: NGS)

Looking at the diagram in the above image, I would like to highlight that the orthometric height is measured from the geoid along a curved line. The curved line is based on an infinite number of geopotential level surfaces that exist between the geoid, which is a geopotential surface, and the mark located on Earth’s surface. This is why gravity plays a part in determining the orthometric height of a mark.

This means that leveling height differences are not the same as ellipsoid height differences. To compute a GNSS-derived orthometric height, a geoid height is subtracted from the GNSS-derived ellipsoid height. This is only an approximation because of how the two heights are measured but, at this moment, it is accurate enough for surveying and mapping applications.

What about computing an ellipsoid height from an orthometric height? The ellipsoid height can be computed using the equation h = H + N (ellipsoid height = orthometric height + geoid height). Once you have an ellipsoid height, you can compute the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the mark. Orthometric heights derived from leveling data are one-dimensional (orthometric height only), whereas GNSS-derived coordinates are three-dimensional (XYZ or latitude, longitude, ellipsoid height). Therefore, to compute a cartesian coordinate (XYZ), from a leveling-derived height users must generate a latitude and longitude of the mark. It is important to use the appropriate geoid height and to record that information in a metadata file.

NGS has developed web-based applications to convert coordinates between different coordinate systems and transform between different reference frames and/or datums. See the box titled “NGS NCAT Web Tool.” I described the NCAT web tool in my October 2019 and September 2023 GPS World newsletters.

NGS NCAT web tool. (Photo: NGS)

Photo: NGS

So, from a geodesist’s point of view, there is no issue with digital delivery geometric consistency if the appropriate tools are correctly used to convert coordinates between different coordinate systems and transform them between different reference frames and/or datums. That said, unique coordinate systems may be used by engineers to create 2D and 3D as-built drawings, such as blueprints and models. This should not be a problem for developing a transformation model if the appropriate information is available.

The AutoCAD Map 3D website states that users can combine data from maps using different coordinate systems (see the box titled “Excerpt from AutoCAD Map 3D Site”).  The site states that “AutoCAD Map 3D toolset automatically converts them to the coordinate system of the current drawing.”  This is an indication that CAD routines are working on handling different coordinate systems.

That said, users should make sure that the conversions and transformations are using the correct formulas and parameters. For example, I would like to know what defines the Latitude-Longitude 84 coordinate system that is highlighted in the box. I am not suggesting that anything is incorrect in the definition of the coordinate system. I am just saying that I do not know what the statement means; I would need more information before I can use the data.

Excerpt from AutoCAD Map 3D 2025 site.

That said, ESRI and Autodesk, two industry leaders, have created a partnership to integrate GIS and Building Information Models (BIM), which seeks to create an integrated and collaborative workflow that connects data sources. ESRI denotes this as ArcGIS GeoBIM.

Representatives from ESRI and Autodesk participated in the meeting. During the meeting, Linda Foster, ESRI and President-Elect of the National Society of Professional Surveyors (NSPS), gave a presentation that included a discussion of the ArcGIS GeoBIM web-based tool. Linda highlighted how geodesy and surveying provide the foundation for Digital Twin products. Her presentation included a diagram that I have recreated below.

Notice that geodesy is at the base and digital twin is at the top of the inverted triangle. See the box titled “Geodesy Provides the Foundation for all Geospatial Products and Services.” The diagram is like the one I highlighted in my February 2022 GPS World Newsletter to emphasize the geodesy crisis. Both diagrams emphasize the importance of geodesy and surveying in creating geospatial products and services. It is encouraging to see that ESRI and Autodesk are working together to understand the needs of both communities. This will lead to the development of an improved system.

Image: Dave Zilkoski — based on Linda Foster’s presentation at the TRB AKD70 summer meeting on July 30, 2024.

From a geodesist’s viewpoint, there does not seem to be a problem with digital delivery geometric consistency. Of course, I know that it is not as simple as I am making it. I realize that the “devil is in the details,” which means that something that appears to be simple will identify issues that will have to be dealt with during development and implementation. During the meeting, it was announced that the TRB AKD70 Committee is developing a webinar titled “Resolving ambiguities between 3D virtual models and the real world” to make people aware of the issues.

Proposed Webinar

Proposed title: “Resolving ambiguities between 3D virtual models and the real world”
Proposed description: The transportation industry is rapidly moving towards achieving digital product delivery and digital as-built objectives in the Civil Infrastructure sector. They are doing this by adopting a 100% end-to-end digital, asset-centric, interoperable data flow. However, the current methodologies being discussed use outdated concepts that rely on 2D/1D plans and profile/cross-section sheets as part of physical construction reality. These methodologies are not in line with current construction objectives, which require the use of Open BIM and Digital Twin concepts. Therefore, it’s crucial to address the current geospatial and geodesic ambiguity between the real world and BIM (virtual 3D models) to ensure a clear understanding of the proposed solution and its efficient implementation. This is especially important considering the industry’s reliance on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurement methodologies. There is an imperative need to resolve this geospatial and geodesic ambiguity by adopting sound geodetic methodologies. The webinar will present the basic tenets of geodetic engineering from three points of view: the Department of Transportation (DOT) perspective, the digital product delivery perspective and the Survey/Geodesy perspective.
Proposed purpose: To raise awareness among the DOT community, which is intent on achieving the 100% digital end-to-end asset-centric interoperable flow objectives, of the need to resolve the ambiguities between virtual 3D models and the real world.

I always learn something new at these meetings and continue to build new relationships expanding my professional network. These meetings are open to anyone, so I would encourage everyone to learn more about the TRB ADK70 Standing Committee on Geospatial Data Acquisition Technologies. Please contact Wei Johnson for more information about getting involved with the committee.

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